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Inherited sterility in insects
The inherited sterility in insects is induced by substerilizing doses of ionizing radiation. When partially sterile males mate with wild females, the radiation-induced deleterious effects are inherited by the F1 generation.〔North D.T. 1975. Inherited Sterility in Lepidoptera. Annual Review of Entomology Vol. 20: 167-182〕 As a result, egg hatch is reduced and the resulting offspring are both highly sterile and predominately male. Compared with the high radiation required to achieve full sterility in Lepidoptera, the lower dose of radiation used to induce F1 sterility increases the quality and competitiveness of the released insects as measured by improved dispersal after release, increased mating ability, and superior sperm competition.〔North, David T.; Holt, Gerald 1968. Inherited Sterility in Progeny of Irradiated Male Cabbage Loopers. Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 61, Number 4, pp. 928-931(4)〕〔Seth R.K and S.E Reynolds 1993. Induction of inherited sterility in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) by substerilizing doses of ionizing radiation. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 83:227-235〕〔Carpenter, J. E., S. Bloem and F. Marek. 2005. Inherited Sterility in Insects. Chapter 2.4 in Dyck, V. A., J. Hendrichs, and A. S. Robinson, editors, “Sterile Insect Technique. Principles and Practice in Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management”. Springer. The Netherlands〕
==History==
Area-wide integrated pest management programmes using the sterile insect technique (SIT) as a component have been successful against a number of pest flies or Diptera such as the New World screwworm, ''Cochliomyia hominivorax'', various species of tephritidae fruit flies and against tsetse flies (Glossinidae). However, most moths or lepidopterans are more resistant to radiation than dipterans,〔Bakri, A., N. Heather, J. Hendrichs, and I. Ferris. 2005. Fifty years of radiation biology in entomology: lessons learned from IDIDAS. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 98: 1-12.〕 and as a consequence, the higher dose of radiation required to completely sterilize lepidopterans reduces their performance in the field. One approach to circumvent the negative effects associated with the high radio-resistance of Lepidoptera pests has been the use of inherited sterility or F1 sterility,〔http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/ipc/public/EL_Lepidopterous_sterility_1971.pdf〕 first documented in studies on the codling moth (''Cydia pomonella'').〔Proverbs MD and Newton JR 1962. Influence of gamma radiation on the development and fertility of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Canadian Journal Zoology, 40: 401-420.〕〔Proverbs M.D. 1982. Sterile insect technique in codling moth control. pp. 85-99. Proceedings of the international symposium on the sterile insect technique and the use of radiation in genetic insect control. Jointly organized by the IAEA and the FAO and held in Neuherberg, 29 June - 3July, 1981. Vienna. IAEA. 1982. 495 p.〕 Inherited sterility has also been documented in the Hemiptera order.
The silk worm ''Bombyx mori'' (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) was the first insect in which inherited sterility was reported.〔Astaurov, B. I., and S. L. Frolova . 1935. Artificial mutations in the silkworm (''Bombyx mori'' L.). V. Sterility and spermatogenic anomalies in the progeny of irradiated moths concerning some questions of general biological and mutagenic action of X-rays. Biol. J. 4: 861-894 (in Russian).〕 Then inherited sterility was reported in the greater wax moth ''Galleria mellonella'' (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae),〔Ostriakova-Varshaver, V.P. 1937. The bee moth, ''Galleria mellonella'', as a new object for genetic investigations. II. Cytogenetic analysis of sterility initiated by X-rays in males. (Russian. ) Biologicheskii Zhurnal, 6: 816–836.〕 in the codling moth ''Cydia pomonella'' (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae),〔Proverbs MD. 1962. Sterile insect technique in codling moth control. pp. 85-99. Proceedings of the international symposium on the sterile insect technique and the use of radiation in genetic insect control, jointly organized by the IAEA and the FAO and held in Neuherberg, 29 June - 3July, 1981. Vienna. IAEA. 1982. 495 p.〕 in the large milkweed bug ''Oncopeltus fasciatus'' (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae),〔LaChance, L. E. and Degrugillier, M. 1969. Chromosomal fragments transmitted through three generations in ''Oncopeltus'' (Hemiptera). Science, 166: 236–237.〕 in ''Gonocerus acuteangulatus'' (Hemiptera: Coreida),〔Delrio G.;Cavalloro R. 1975. Sterilite hereditaire chez ''Gonocerus aculteangulatus'' Goenze (Rhyncote, Coreidea), pp.423-436 In: Sterility principles for insect control. proceedings Symposia, Innsbruck, Austria, 22–26 July 1974. STI/PUB/377. IAEA, Vienna 1975〕 in ''Rhodnius prolixus'' (Hemiptera: Reduviidae),〔Maudlin I. 1976. The inheritance of radiation induced semi-sterility in Rhodnius prolixus. Chromosoma 58 (1976), pp. 285–306.〕 and in the Two-spotted spider mite ''Tetranychus urticae'' (Acari: Tetranychidae).〔Henneberry, T. J. 1964. Effects of gamma radiation on the fertility of the two-spotted spider mite and its progeny. J. Econ. Entomol. 57:672–674.〕
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